the people have never smoked (79.9%), while 13.9% were former
tobacco smokers.
To further examine whether there is a difference in the way people
with medical or smoking history perceive air quality, i.e. whether they
appear to be more sensitive to changes in PM levels we have created
cross-tabulations of air quality vote versus the existence or not of
a medical history. This was done both for all the data and only for the
CS data where, due to the elevated PM levels, we expect a clearer
differentiation (Table 3).
It appears that only people with a medical history of hay fever
voted more frequently for poor air quality conditions than those
without (Table 3). In fact of those with hay fever, 25.0% overall and
nearly 58.9% in the CS voted for poor air quality, compared to 18.8%
and 36.7% of those without hay fever.
People with asthma or eczema history voted less frequently for
poor air quality conditions than those without this medical history,
which could be attributed to the small number of interviewees we
had with a history of asthma and eczema, hence rendering such an
analysis unreliable.
Current smokers seem to be the least sensitive to air quality
(Table 3) since they invariably voted for neutral or good conditions,
whereas 22.7% of the non-smokers voted for poor conditions in both
sites, and 45.6% when only the CS was considered. The values for
former smokers were 13.9% and 33.3%, respectively.
4.3.2. Perception of Pollution and Health Symptoms
People were also asked whether they had any symptoms such as
blocked or dry nose, dry throat/mouth or skin, as well as dry/itchy
eyes, and were asked to evaluate these on a 5-point scale varying from
‘not at all’ to ‘very severe’. Such symptoms were to be evaluated
against sensitivity to air quality to investigate the means by which
pollutants are being perceived (e.g. sensory irritation to eyes, nose,
throat, etc.).
Most of the interviewees (around 70%) did not present any
symptoms related to poor air quality, while a 20–25% presented some
mild symptoms. The distribution of the symptoms is the same for both
sites and does not depend on gender (not shown).
In order to explore the possible relationships between medical
history and smoking status with various symptoms and perception
of air quality, a series of partial correlation and chi-square analyses
were carried out. There appears to be a tendency for smoking to make
individuals less sensitive to poor air quality, but given the small
number of interviewees it was only significant at the 0.08 level. With
the constraint of having small samples in the various medical history
categories, there is no indication that prior medical history plays a
role in the way people perceive air quality.
Mann–Whitney (for medical history) and Kruskal–Wallis (for
smoking status) tests, conducted for equality of location of the
respective observed statistical distributions, also indicated that there
is no differentiation of the PM-related sensitivity according to the
existence or not of a medical history.
Chi-square tests of the observed dichotomous (trichotomous)
responses for medical history (smoking status) against equiprobability,
per symptom reported, revealed that medical history may
affect the rate of occurrence of a specific symptom. A history of hay
fever increases the odds of developing a mild symptom of Blocked
Nose (48% observed versus the 24% expected, significant at pb0.01),
Dry Nose (30% observed versus the 18% expected, pb0.05) and Dry
Mouth (33% observed versus the 19% expected, pb0.05). Also a
history of eczema is associated with increased moderate skin dryness
(27% observed versus the 9% expected, pb0.05). Finally Asthma is
คนมีไม่รมควัน (79.9%), ในขณะที่ 13.9% อดีตผู้สูบบุหรี่ยาสูบการตรวจสอบเพิ่มเติม ว่ามีความแตกต่างในวิธีคนมีประวัติสูบบุหรี่หรือแพทย์สังเกตคุณภาพอากาศ เช่นว่านั้นต้องมีความไวต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงในระดับ PM ที่เราได้สร้างตารางข้ามอากาศคุณภาพเสียงเมื่อเทียบ กับการดำรงอยู่ หรือไม่ประวัติทางการแพทย์ นี้ทำ สำหรับข้อมูลทั้งหมด และสำหรับการข้อมูล CS ที่ เนื่องจากระดับสูงของ PM เราคาดหวังที่ชัดเจนสร้างความแตกต่าง (ตาราง 3)ปรากฏว่าเฉพาะบุคคลที่ มีประวัติทางการแพทย์ของโรคไข้จามโหวตบ่อยสำหรับเงื่อนไขคุณภาพอากาศดีกว่าไม่ มี (ตาราง 3) ในความเป็นจริงของผู้ที่มีโรคไข้จาม 25.0% โดยรวม และเกือบ 58.9% ใน CS คะแนนคุณภาพอากาศดี เมื่อเทียบกับ 18.8%และ 36.7% ของผู้ไม่มีโรคไข้จามคนที่ มีคะแนนน้อยบ่อยสำหรับประวัติโรคหอบหืดหรือกลากเงื่อนไขคุณภาพอากาศดีกว่าที่ไม่มีประวัติทางการแพทย์นี้ซึ่งอาจเกิดจากหมายเลขขนาดเล็กของ interviewees เราได้ มีประวัติของโรคหอบหืดและแผลเปื่อย จึง แสดงผลเช่นการวิเคราะห์ไม่ผู้สูบบุหรี่ปัจจุบันดูเหมือนจะ มีความสำคัญน้อยที่สุดเพื่อคุณภาพ(ตาราง 3) เนื่องจากพวกเขาเสมอโหวตสำหรับเงื่อนไขที่ดี หรือเป็นกลางในขณะที่โหวต 22.7% ของการสูบบุหรี่สำหรับเงื่อนไขที่ดีทั้งในอเมริกา และ 45.6% เมื่อพิจารณาเฉพาะ CS ไม่ ค่าสำหรับอดีตผู้สูบบุหรี่ได้ 13.9% และ 33.3% ตามลำดับ4.3.2. Perception of Pollution and Health SymptomsPeople were also asked whether they had any symptoms such asblocked or dry nose, dry throat/mouth or skin, as well as dry/itchyeyes, and were asked to evaluate these on a 5-point scale varying from‘not at all’ to ‘very severe’. Such symptoms were to be evaluatedagainst sensitivity to air quality to investigate the means by whichpollutants are being perceived (e.g. sensory irritation to eyes, nose,throat, etc.).Most of the interviewees (around 70%) did not present anysymptoms related to poor air quality, while a 20–25% presented somemild symptoms. The distribution of the symptoms is the same for bothsites and does not depend on gender (not shown).In order to explore the possible relationships between medicalhistory and smoking status with various symptoms and perceptionof air quality, a series of partial correlation and chi-square analyseswere carried out. There appears to be a tendency for smoking to makeindividuals less sensitive to poor air quality, but given the smallnumber of interviewees it was only significant at the 0.08 level. Withthe constraint of having small samples in the various medical historycategories, there is no indication that prior medical history plays arole in the way people perceive air quality.Mann–Whitney (for medical history) and Kruskal–Wallis (forsmoking status) tests, conducted for equality of location of therespective observed statistical distributions, also indicated that thereis no differentiation of the PM-related sensitivity according to theexistence or not of a medical history.Chi-square tests of the observed dichotomous (trichotomous)responses for medical history (smoking status) against equiprobability,per symptom reported, revealed that medical history mayaffect the rate of occurrence of a specific symptom. A history of hayfever increases the odds of developing a mild symptom of BlockedNose (48% observed versus the 24% expected, significant at pb0.01),Dry Nose (30% observed versus the 18% expected, pb0.05) and DryMouth (33% observed versus the 19% expected, pb0.05). Also ahistory of eczema is associated with increased moderate skin dryness(27% observed versus the 9% expected, pb0.05). Finally Asthma is
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
