In this section, we examine two programming problems that illustrate many of the concepts discussed in this chapter. The top-down design process will be demon- strated in solving each programming problem. Each program will be implemented in a stepwise manner, starting with a list of major algorithm steps and continuing to add detail through refinement until the program and its function subprogram can be written. The first problem uses files and file pointers. The second problem imple-
ments a set of functions for manipulating fractions.