The most spectacular revolt of this period was one led by a model Confucian samurai official‘ in Osaka, Oshio Heihachiro, whose emotional call to insurrection made him a hero for later historians who sometimes dated the loyalist revolts from hismanifesto. Oshio’s uprising resulted in little more than the burning of large areas of Osaka, but the striking incompetence shown by bakufu officials in its suppression contrasted with his own courageous (though equally maladroit) performance to symbolize what was wrong with the regime.