household's head and the ratio of farmers are the highest for the
sample of nominal participants and the lowest for the sample of
managerial participants. Moreover, the average household's income,
the average area of household's land holding, and the average of school years of the household's head are the lowest for
the sample of nominal participants and the highest for the sample
of managerial participants. These findings imply that as the level of
community participation increases, the averages of household
characteristics (except for the average number of family members)
change in a non-monotone manner. Highly educated young people
with high incomes, non-farm occupations, and large land holdings
tend to become involved in the PHBM program at the managerial
level, while less-educated old farmers with low incomes and small
land holdings tend to become nominal participants in the PHBM
program.