The vision and practices of effective principals in challenging schools tend to be organised around a number
of core personal values: the modelling and promotion of respect (for individuals); fairness and equality;
caring for the well being and whole development of students and staff and integrity plus honesty. It is clear
that their leadership values and visions of effective principals in challenging schools are primarily moral (i.e.,
dedicated to the welfare of staff and students, (with the latter at the centre) rather than primarily instrumental
(for economic reasons) or non-educative (for custodial reasons).