Moreover, the supplementation of capsicum oleoresin
downregulated the expression level of genes involved
in the cell cycle (Fig. 1). This observation was
different from a previous report from Manzanilla et al.
(2009), which indicated that feeding pigs with 200 mg/
kg of a mixture of plant extracts increased mitosis in
the distal jejunum, possibly because of the presence of
nonabsorbed nutrients or changes in microbiota in the
lumen. However, capsaicin, the major active component
or capsicum oleoresin, has been observed to induce
cell cycle arrest and inhibit the growth of several tumor
cells by suppressing STAT signaling pathway or NF-κB
pathway in vitro (Bhutani et al., 2007; Thoennissen et
al., 2010; Shanmugam et al., 2011). Therefore, more research
may be needed to clarify the effect of capsicum
oleoresin on normal epithelial cells in vivo.