Factor analysis was firstly utilized to assess the underlying relationships of a large
number of items and to determine whether they can be reduced to a smaller set of factors. The
factor analysis was conducted separately on each set of the items representing a particular scale
due to limited observations. With respect to the exploratory factory analysis, this analysis has a
high potential to inflate the component loadings. Thus, a higher rule-of-thumb, a cut-off value of
0.40, was adopted (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). All factor loadings are greater than the 0.40
cut-off and are statistically significant. The reliability of the measurements was evaluated by
Cronbach alpha coefficients. In the scale reliability, Cronbach alpha coefficients are greater than
0.70 (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). The scales of all measures appear to produce internally
consistent results; thus, these measures are deemed appropriate for further analysis because
they express an accepted validity and reliability in this study. Table 1 presents the results for
both factor loadings and Cronbach alpha for multiple-item scales used in this study.