This study investigated firm resources, networks, and operation factors that mediate the
relationship between the gender of entrepreneurs and firm performance in Lao micro, small,
and medium sized enterprises (MSMEs). The sample consisted of 1,534 companies, made up of
896 male-headed firms and 638 female-headed firms, with 1 to 99 employees. By the use of
ordered probit, binary logistic, and multiple linear regression models, the study examined
whether male-headed firms outperformed those led by females through consideration of firm
resources, networks, and operation factors. The findings showed that some firm resources and
networks mediate the relationship between gender and firm performance and that male-headed
firms outperformed female-headed ones. However, operation factors did not show any impact
on the performance of male- and female-headed firms and there was no evidence of superior
performance. This paper suggests policy implications for both policy implementers and
policymakers that firm resources (human and tangible resources) and networks (network
participation and Information Communication Technology adoption) should be emphasized
because of their contribution to firm success. The paper also recommends the reduction and/or
elimination of the gap between firms operated by male and female entrepreneurs.