Ingredients were mixed in a Morton mixer (200 rev/min) to a total work input of 40 kJ/kg of dough before proofing to a constant height of 12 cm in 400 g bread tins at 40 °C in a chamber with high relative humidity to prevent skin formation. Loaves were baked at 250 °C for 30 min in a gas-fired oven and allowed to cool for 6 h and 24 h before being examined further by electron microscopy.