This important class of condensation polymers is formed by the polymerization of a diisocyanate (whose
molecules contain two –NCO groups) and a dialcohol (two –OH groups). The polymer chain is linked by urethane
groups (–O–CO–NH–). The –NH– portion of the urethane group can react similarly to an –OH group, producing
cross-linking between polymer chains. Polyurethane is spun into elastic fibers, called spandex, and sold under the
trade name Lycra. Polyurethane can also be foamed. Soft polyurethane foams are used in upholstery, and hard foams
are used structurally in light aircraft wings and sail boards. The formation of some polyurethane (and polystyrene)
foams exploits the exothermic nature of the polymerization reaction. A liquid with a low boiling point, called a
blowing agent, is added to the monomers before the polymerization starts. As the polymerization proceeds, it releases
enough heat to boil the liquid. The boiling liquid produces bubbles that create a foam. In the past, the most commonly
used low-boiling liquids were chlorofluorocarbons. However, the damaging effect of chlorofluorocarbons on the
stratospheric ozone layer has eliminated their use. Other low-boiling liquids have other disadvantages, such as
flammability. Therefore, most polyurethane and polystyrene foams are manufactured by forcing a pressurized gas,
such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, into the polymerizing mixture