Although subsequent scholars have generally made less radical normative claims than Long, the two key questions driving Long’s work have remained the basic focus of work on representative bureaucracy: (1) Do public agencies broadly represent the interests and values of the American public? (2) Are these interests and values reflected in the policy actions of bureaucracy? The first of these questions deals with the concept of “passive representation,” or the extent to which the bureaucracy reflects the composition of society. Kingsley (1944) suggested that socioeconomic class should be the basic yardstick for comparing the composition of the civil service with that of the public. Kingsley’s study, however, was focused on the British civil service. In the United States, Samuel Krislov (1974) argued that a more appropriate basis of comparison is race, ethnicity, and sex. These factors are assumed to be a key source of socialization, and thus of values. A large portion of empirical research on representative bureaucracy in the United States is thus devoted to examining the extent to which bureaucracy reflects the basic demographic composition of society. The general finding of this research is that minorities and women are proportionally represented in bureaucracy as a whole, but are underrepresented in the upper levels of bureaucratic hierarchies (Selden
1997, 45).
Although subsequent scholars have generally made less radical normative claims than Long, the two key questions driving Long’s work have remained the basic focus of work on representative bureaucracy: (1) Do public agencies broadly represent the interests and values of the American public? (2) Are these interests and values reflected in the policy actions of bureaucracy? The first of these questions deals with the concept of “passive representation,” or the extent to which the bureaucracy reflects the composition of society. Kingsley (1944) suggested that socioeconomic class should be the basic yardstick for comparing the composition of the civil service with that of the public. Kingsley’s study, however, was focused on the British civil service. In the United States, Samuel Krislov (1974) argued that a more appropriate basis of comparison is race, ethnicity, and sex. These factors are assumed to be a key source of socialization, and thus of values. A large portion of empirical research on representative bureaucracy in the United States is thus devoted to examining the extent to which bureaucracy reflects the basic demographic composition of society. The general finding of this research is that minorities and women are proportionally represented in bureaucracy as a whole, but are underrepresented in the upper levels of bureaucratic hierarchies (Selden
1997, 45).
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