For the first reflection paper, participants
were asked to read the prologue for Penrose’s (1994) Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the
Missing Science of Consciousness and answer the following questions: “Do the ideas in this
reading fit our discussions of NOS? If yes, how? If no, why? In your discussion try to focus on
the elements of tentativeness, creativity, observation versus inference, subjectivity, relationships
of theory and law, and social and cultural embeddedness of science.”