We examine two types of strategic actions: growth actions and joint actions. Some actions are designed as foundation for organic growth, which we call growth actions. These actions aim to enhance market positions by creating growth opportunities through investing in new products and services, or entering new markets. When facing pressure on their market share, firms would want to improve product offerings and/or push into more markets. However, the implementation of growth actions requires technological and leadership capabilities. Joint actions pool the resources of two or more partners through alliances or by engaging in M&As. Organizations that lack critical resources may use a partnership or an M&A to fill internal resource gaps