The Ethical Leadership (ELS) instrument was used to measure the ethical
leadership construct of this study. According to the authors of this instrument, Brown et
al. (2005), ethical leadership was a combination of characteristics and behaviors that
included demonstrating integrity and high ethical standards, fair treatment of employees,
and holding employees accountable for ethical conduct. To ensure that the measure was
psychometrically sound, the authors followed systematic procedures using multiple types
of samples, steps to support content coverage, and discriminant validity. Through a series
of tests, the instrument demonstrated high reliability and predictable relationships with
variables of ethical leadership. The Cronbach’s Alpha was .91 for the ELS (Morris &
Langari, 2012). The ELS instrument was relatively short with ten items and could be
readily incorporated into survey research (Brown et al., 2005)