the mobilization of various actors and groups for the construction of the collective good, and the implementation of public policies. Agreements, charters and contracts reveal a different conceptualization of the state aiming at mobilizing different actors and their resources. This mode of intervention has become generalized in a context strongly critical of bureaucracy – of its cumbersome yet abstract nature, and of the way it reduces accountability (Salamon, 2002). The inter- ventionist state is therefore supposed to be giving way to a state that is a prime mover or coordinator, non-interventionist and princi- pally mobilizing, integrating and bringing coherence. This echoes a view of a democ- racy of protest, of collective actors. In the USA and in the EU all organizations want to become political actors. But what is an actor? Who knows (Meyer, 2000)? This profound uncertainty both constrains and facilitates mobilization within groups and organizations to attain the status of actor and to gain recog- nition as such by others, thus marking a strong dependence on outside models of legitima- tion. More generally, the actors mobilize to gain recognition as actors. Internal mobiliza- tion towards this status meets outside injunc- tions and produces a dynamic system driven by all sorts of models and norms.
In many cities for instance, governance is not just organized by coalitions such as urban regimes (Stone, 1989). Protest can limit the implementation of projects decided by an urban growth coalitions (Logan and Molotch, 1987). Overcoming implementation failure often requires a long process of consultation, of enrolment of different groups, of local construction of the general interest, of delib- eration, of contracts, of partnerships of char- ters to stabilize the relationship between various actors, including state actors among others, to define common goals and instru- ments to reach them, hence making more likely the desired outcomes of a mode of governance. Instruments have also a life of their own and, once in place, sometimes sig- nificantly contribute to the outcome (Bezes, 2007; Lascoumes, 2009; Jacquot, 2010).
In many countries, in different sectors, the systematic introduction of those mobilizing policy instruments is giving rise to modes of governance characterized by negotiation between various groups, the ‘enchanted land of governance’, leading to the normative view of a deliberative democracy, free of conflicts, markets inequalites and power relations.
A second development, which has attracted less interest except in the UK points to the rise of policy instruments based upon norms, standards, performance indicators, mana- gement instruments and the rise of a new bureaucracy in particular to ‘govern at a dis- tance’, including networks and agencies. This leads to profound changes of behaviour and allows a remarkable come back of state élite to govern and to constrain various groups in society. The New Labour experi- ment in the UK is probably one of the most remarkable examples of this new governance in the making (and its failures) (Moran, 2003; Bevir, 2005; Hood, 2007b; Faucher-King and Le Galès, 2010).
For the Blair and Brown teams, the inven- tion that is ‘New Labour’ served to demon- strate the distance they had put between themselves and previous Labour govern- ments and the unions. They promised to regenerate the declining public sector and provide better services, challenge the excesses of competition, and offer protection for employees and workers. They committed themselves to principles of management and responsibility, democratization of public agencies, performance indicators, and a val- orization of associations and the ‘third sector’. Several authors have shown the debt the New Labour project owns to ideas about communitarianism, social inclusion and even to the rise of neo-institutionalism. Bevir, taking an interpretative standpoint, in partic- ular argues that New Labour was a kind of social democratic approach to questions and issues brought to the fore by the New Right. New Labour developed discourse of partner- ship, joined-up governance, inspired by new institutionalism. Many policy instruments
the mobilization of various actors and groups for the construction of the collective good, and the implementation of public policies. Agreements, charters and contracts reveal a different conceptualization of the state aiming at mobilizing different actors and their resources. This mode of intervention has become generalized in a context strongly critical of bureaucracy – of its cumbersome yet abstract nature, and of the way it reduces accountability (Salamon, 2002). The inter- ventionist state is therefore supposed to be giving way to a state that is a prime mover or coordinator, non-interventionist and princi- pally mobilizing, integrating and bringing coherence. This echoes a view of a democ- racy of protest, of collective actors. In the USA and in the EU all organizations want to become political actors. But what is an actor? Who knows (Meyer, 2000)? This profound uncertainty both constrains and facilitates mobilization within groups and organizations to attain the status of actor and to gain recog- nition as such by others, thus marking a strong dependence on outside models of legitima- tion. More generally, the actors mobilize to gain recognition as actors. Internal mobiliza- tion towards this status meets outside injunc- tions and produces a dynamic system driven by all sorts of models and norms.
In many cities for instance, governance is not just organized by coalitions such as urban regimes (Stone, 1989). Protest can limit the implementation of projects decided by an urban growth coalitions (Logan and Molotch, 1987). Overcoming implementation failure often requires a long process of consultation, of enrolment of different groups, of local construction of the general interest, of delib- eration, of contracts, of partnerships of char- ters to stabilize the relationship between various actors, including state actors among others, to define common goals and instru- ments to reach them, hence making more likely the desired outcomes of a mode of governance. Instruments have also a life of their own and, once in place, sometimes sig- nificantly contribute to the outcome (Bezes, 2007; Lascoumes, 2009; Jacquot, 2010).
In many countries, in different sectors, the systematic introduction of those mobilizing policy instruments is giving rise to modes of governance characterized by negotiation between various groups, the ‘enchanted land of governance’, leading to the normative view of a deliberative democracy, free of conflicts, markets inequalites and power relations.
A second development, which has attracted less interest except in the UK points to the rise of policy instruments based upon norms, standards, performance indicators, mana- gement instruments and the rise of a new bureaucracy in particular to ‘govern at a dis- tance’, including networks and agencies. This leads to profound changes of behaviour and allows a remarkable come back of state élite to govern and to constrain various groups in society. The New Labour experi- ment in the UK is probably one of the most remarkable examples of this new governance in the making (and its failures) (Moran, 2003; Bevir, 2005; Hood, 2007b; Faucher-King and Le Galès, 2010).
For the Blair and Brown teams, the inven- tion that is ‘New Labour’ served to demon- strate the distance they had put between themselves and previous Labour govern- ments and the unions. They promised to regenerate the declining public sector and provide better services, challenge the excesses of competition, and offer protection for employees and workers. They committed themselves to principles of management and responsibility, democratization of public agencies, performance indicators, and a val- orization of associations and the ‘third sector’. Several authors have shown the debt the New Labour project owns to ideas about communitarianism, social inclusion and even to the rise of neo-institutionalism. Bevir, taking an interpretative standpoint, in partic- ular argues that New Labour was a kind of social democratic approach to questions and issues brought to the fore by the New Right. New Labour developed discourse of partner- ship, joined-up governance, inspired by new institutionalism. Many policy instruments
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..