2.2.1. Proximate analysis
The moisture content (wet basis) of the as-received EFB samples
was determined using a standard test method (ASTM E1756-01)
whereas, the contents of moisture (dry basis), volatile matter, fixed
carbon and ash were determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer
(model Mettler Toledo, TGA/SDTA851, USA). Approximately
10 mg of air-dried EFB powder was placed in an alumina crucible
and inserted into the TGA furnace and weighed. To estimate the
moisture content (dry basis) and volatile matter, the EFB sample
was continuously heated from room temperature to a temperature
of 600 C at a rate of 10 C/min under N2 flow at the rate of 10 mL/
min. Then, the furnace temperature was further increased to
900 C at 10 C/min under 10 mL/min of air flow to estimate the
fixed carbon content. The residue was considered to represent
the ash content.
2.2.1. Proximate analysis
The moisture content (wet basis) of the as-received EFB samples
was determined using a standard test method (ASTM E1756-01)
whereas, the contents of moisture (dry basis), volatile matter, fixed
carbon and ash were determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer
(model Mettler Toledo, TGA/SDTA851, USA). Approximately
10 mg of air-dried EFB powder was placed in an alumina crucible
and inserted into the TGA furnace and weighed. To estimate the
moisture content (dry basis) and volatile matter, the EFB sample
was continuously heated from room temperature to a temperature
of 600 C at a rate of 10 C/min under N2 flow at the rate of 10 mL/
min. Then, the furnace temperature was further increased to
900 C at 10 C/min under 10 mL/min of air flow to estimate the
fixed carbon content. The residue was considered to represent
the ash content.
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