The Race Discrimination Directive (2000/43), which lays down the framework for combating discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, has to be implemented by July 2003. It makes unlawful both direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin. It also specifically recognises racial harassment as a distinct type of discrimination (Art 2(3)). Whilst it covers all aspects of employment, the Directive also permits genuine occupational requirements as long as they are founded on legitimate objectives and are proportional (Art 4). Positive action is also permissible (Art 5). (See Guild, E, ‘EC Directive on Race Discrimination: surprises, possibilities and limitations’ (2000) 30(4) ILJ 416.)