3.9. Fluorescence microscopic examination
Acridine orange and propidium iodide staining was used to study the morphological characterisation of the cells. HT-29 cells were incubated, for 8, 16 and 24 h (corresponding to the times of high caspase activity) with the IC50 concentration of WTE and viewed under a fluorescent microscope to analyse the viable cells, early apoptosis and late apoptosis (Fig. 3).
Acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) stains the DNA within the nuclei. AO can only cross the plasma membrane of viable and early apoptotic cells. AO exhibits viable cells with green nuclei and an intact structure and early apoptotic cells with bright-green nuclei showing condensation of chromatin in the nucleus. PI penetrates the nuclear matter when the cell membrane integrity is disturbed and produces orange fluorescence. Apoptotic cells are stained green with nuclei stained orange, and contain multiple yellow/green dots of condensed nuclei. PI stained necrotic cells appear as bright-red colour and dead cells with red nuclei .
The results showed that the untreated cells showed normal configuration with green nuclei and an intact structure, without prominent apoptosis (Fig. 3A). As shown in Fig. 3B and C, early apoptosis features, such as cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation were observed after 8 h and more cells showed apoptotic features at 16 h which represent intercalated acridine orange (bright green) amongst the fragmented DNA and nuclear fragmentation. In Fig. 3D, the presence of reddish-orange colour was observed after 24 h of incubation. AO/PI staining of HT-29 cells treated with WTE showed that the cells had undergone remarkable morphological changes in apoptotic bodies.
3.9. Fluorescence microscopic examination
Acridine orange and propidium iodide staining was used to study the morphological characterisation of the cells. HT-29 cells were incubated, for 8, 16 and 24 h (corresponding to the times of high caspase activity) with the IC50 concentration of WTE and viewed under a fluorescent microscope to analyse the viable cells, early apoptosis and late apoptosis (Fig. 3).
Acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) stains the DNA within the nuclei. AO can only cross the plasma membrane of viable and early apoptotic cells. AO exhibits viable cells with green nuclei and an intact structure and early apoptotic cells with bright-green nuclei showing condensation of chromatin in the nucleus. PI penetrates the nuclear matter when the cell membrane integrity is disturbed and produces orange fluorescence. Apoptotic cells are stained green with nuclei stained orange, and contain multiple yellow/green dots of condensed nuclei. PI stained necrotic cells appear as bright-red colour and dead cells with red nuclei .
The results showed that the untreated cells showed normal configuration with green nuclei and an intact structure, without prominent apoptosis (Fig. 3A). As shown in Fig. 3B and C, early apoptosis features, such as cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation were observed after 8 h and more cells showed apoptotic features at 16 h which represent intercalated acridine orange (bright green) amongst the fragmented DNA and nuclear fragmentation. In Fig. 3D, the presence of reddish-orange colour was observed after 24 h of incubation. AO/PI staining of HT-29 cells treated with WTE showed that the cells had undergone remarkable morphological changes in apoptotic bodies.
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