Outcome measurements
Primary outcome: pain intensity. Across the studies pain intensity was measured with
the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) and the Facial Pain Scale
(FPS) [9, 11, 12]. In Bradt et al the patients self-reported pain intensity with the VAS[9] before,
during and after the music intervention. Nilsson et al assessed self-reported pain intensity by
CAS preoperatively, at the arrival to the Post Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and one hour