However, the addition of E2 led to a dramatic decrease in cake volume (Figs. 4A and 6). Although it is feasible to expect that a lower RD of batter might result in greater cake volume, the opposite result was obtained. This behaviour indicates that the final cake volume depends not only on the quantity of air that has been occluded in the batter during mixing but also on the amount of air that can be retained in batter during baking.
Initially, a large amount of air was incorporated into the batter, but, during heating,
the batter rheology was characterised by a marked decrease in G0 , G00 and h*; low batter viscosities during the heating process enhanced bubble migration and loss of air cells before the batter set.
As a result, low-volume cakes with a more compact crumb,low total cell area and small cell areas (Fig. 4B and C) were obtained.