2.1.1 General licensing specifications
2.1.1.1 A person shall not act either as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot of an aircraft in any of the following categories unless that person is the holder of a pilot licence issued in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter:
— aeroplane
— helicopter
— glider
— free balloon.
2.1.1.2 The category of aircraft shall be included in the title of the licence itself, or endorsed as a category rating on the licence.
2.1.1.2.1 When the holder of a pilot licence seeks a licence for an additional category of aircraft, the Licensing Authority shall either:
a) issue the licence holder with an additional pilot licence for that category of aircraft; or
b) endorse the original licence with the new category rating, subject to the conditions of 2.1.2.
Note.— The requirements for category ratings are given in terms of licensing specifications for pilots and at levels appro-priate to the privileges to be granted to the licence holder.
2.1.1.3 An applicant shall, before being issued with any pilot licence or rating, meet such requirements in respect of age, knowledge, experience, flight instruction, skill and medi-cal fitness, as are specified for that licence or rating.
2.1.1.3.1 An applicant for any pilot licence or rating shall demonstrate, in a manner determined by the Licensing Authority, such requirements for knowledge and skill as are specified for that licence or rating.
2.1.2 Category ratings
2.1.2.1 When established, category ratings shall be for categories of aircraft listed in 2.1.1.1.
2.1.2.2 Category ratings shall not be endorsed on a licence when the category is included in the title of the licence itself.
2.1.2.3 Any additional category rating endorsed on a pilot licence shall indicate the level of licensing privileges at which the category rating is granted.
2.1.2.4 The holder of a pilot licence seeking additional category ratings shall meet the requirements of this Annex appropriate to the privileges for which the category rating is sought.
2.1.3 Class and type ratings
2.1.3.1 Class ratings shall be established for aeroplanes certificated for single-pilot operation and shall comprise:
a) single-engine, land;
b) single-engine, sea;
c) multi-engine, land;
d) multi-engine, sea.
Note.— The provisions of this paragraph do not preclude the establishment of other class ratings within this basic structure.
2.1.3.1.1 Recommendation.— Contracting States should consider establishing a class rating for those helicopters certificated for single-pilot operations and which have com-parable handling, performance and other characteristics.
2.1.3.2 Type ratings shall be established for:
a) each type of aircraft certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots;
b) each type of helicopter certificated for single-pilot operation except where a class rating has been issued under 2.1.3.1.1; and
c) any type of aircraft whenever considered necessary by the Licensing Authority.
Note.— Requirements for class and type ratings for gliders and free balloons have not been determined.
2.1.3.3 When an applicant demonstrates skill and knowl-edge for the initial issue of a pilot licence, the category and the
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ratings appropriate to the class or type of aircraft used in the demonstration shall be entered on the licence.