Second, despite the dominance of this model, the prevailing assumptions
of the mainstream version of the Old Public Administration were countered,
frequently and eloquently, by a series of writers and practitioners who
argued for greater discretion, greater responsiveness, and greater openness
in the administrative process. These alternative views—which we would
associate with figures such as Marshall Dimock, Robert Dahl, and, most of all,
Dwight Waldo—provided a counterpoint to the overall model, important to
26 THE ROOTS OF THE NEW PUBLIC SERVICE
remember and often accepted in particular situations, but rarely if ever
dominant. Indeed, it might be proper to say that these ideas were “embedded”
within the prevailing model, to which they were largely subservien