1. Introduction
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a serious and economically devastating disease of poultry. The subtype H5N1 causes particularly high mortality rates in chicken, and has had disastrous effects on poultry industries worldwide, causing major production losses and bans on the international trade of poultry and poultry products (Otte et al., 2008; Bavinck et al., 2009). Since the start of the H5N1 outbreaks in South East Asia in 1997, Indonesia has continued to be the country with the highest number of human and poultry cases, highlighting the need to reduce the risks associated with spread of H5N1 in this region (Sedyaningsih et al., 2008; WHO, 2013).