Two recent survey papers on capital controls find the evidence inconclusive, with some observed effects on the composition of flows, but very little effect on volumes of flows. In these papers, there is even less agreement on the impact of controls on the exchange rate and interest rates3. Brazilian capital controls Brazil liberalised its capital flow regimes gradually. Starting from the early 1990s, liberalisation culminated in an almost completely open capital account by the mid-2000s4. After a fairly brief period of no taxes on foreign capital transactions, taxes were reintroduced in March 2008 at the rate of 1.5% on fixed-income investments5. Investments related to equities remained exempt from taxes until a lot later6. The tax was reduced to zero in October 2008, the peak of the global financial crisis, when the exchange rate came under depreciation pressures. A 2% tax on fixed-income and equity inflows was reintroduced in October 2009. The tax was then increased to 6% in two stages in October 2010; but then reduced back down to 2% in January 20117.