Khare et al. in 2008 evaluated the net effect of various bovine fecal sample shipment and storage conditions on detection of MAP by culture or PCR. They concluded that short-term storage at 4°C (typical refrigerator temperature) and long-term storage at -70°C (ultra-cold freezers found in research labs) had no deleterious effects on MAP viability, but short-term storage a -20°C (typical home freezer) substantially reduced MAP viability.