Outbreaks of disease — the occurrence of more cases than expected — occur frequently. Each day, health departments learn about cases or outbreaks that require investigation. While CDC recorded over 500 outbreaks of foodborne illness alone each year during the 1990s,1 recognized outbreaks of respiratory and other diseases are also common, and many more outbreaks may go undetected.
So how are outbreaks uncovered? One way is to analyze surveillance data — reports of cases of communicable diseases that are routinely sent by laboratories and healthcare providers to health departments (see Lesson 5). Some health departments regularly review exposure information from individual case reports to look for common factors. For example, health department staff in Oregon uncovered an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in 1997 by noticing that three patients with the infection all had reported drinking raw milk.2 Alternatively, outbreaks may be detected when health department staff conduct regular, timely analysis of surveillance data that reveals an increase in reported cases or an unusual clustering of cases by time and place. For example, by analyzing data from four different syndromic surveillance systems, health department staff in New York City noted a consistent increase in gastroenteritis in the days following a prolonged blackout in August 2003.3 Investigation indicated that the increase in gastroenteritis was probably attributable to the consumption of meat that had spoiled during the power failure.
Review of surveillance data to detect outbreaks is not limited to health departments. Many hospital infection control practitioners review microbiologic isolates from patients by organism and ward each week to detect an increase in the number of, say, surgical wound infections or nosocomial (hospital-acquired) cases of legionellosis. In the same way, staff at CDC regularly review laboratory patterns of organisms and are able to detect clusters of illness caused by the same organism, even if the victims are geographically scattered.
Outbreaks of disease — the occurrence of more cases than expected — occur frequently. Each day, health departments learn about cases or outbreaks that require investigation. While CDC recorded over 500 outbreaks of foodborne illness alone each year during the 1990s,1 recognized outbreaks of respiratory and other diseases are also common, and many more outbreaks may go undetected.So how are outbreaks uncovered? One way is to analyze surveillance data — reports of cases of communicable diseases that are routinely sent by laboratories and healthcare providers to health departments (see Lesson 5). Some health departments regularly review exposure information from individual case reports to look for common factors. For example, health department staff in Oregon uncovered an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in 1997 by noticing that three patients with the infection all had reported drinking raw milk.2 Alternatively, outbreaks may be detected when health department staff conduct regular, timely analysis of surveillance data that reveals an increase in reported cases or an unusual clustering of cases by time and place. For example, by analyzing data from four different syndromic surveillance systems, health department staff in New York City noted a consistent increase in gastroenteritis in the days following a prolonged blackout in August 2003.3 Investigation indicated that the increase in gastroenteritis was probably attributable to the consumption of meat that had spoiled during the power failure.ตรวจทานข้อมูลการเฝ้าระวังการแพร่ระบาดจำกัดแผนกสุขภาพไม่ได้ หลายโรงพยาบาลติดเชื้อควบคุมผู้ตรวจทาน microbiologic ที่แยกได้จากผู้ป่วย โดยสิ่งมีชีวิต และ ward แต่ละสัปดาห์เพื่อตรวจการเพิ่มขึ้นในจำนวน กล่าวว่า การติดเชื้อแผลผ่าตัดหรือ nosocomial (มาโรงพยาบาล) กรณี legionellosis เดียว พนักงาน CDC หมั่นตรวจสอบรูปแบบห้องปฏิบัติการของสิ่งมีชีวิต และสามารถตรวจพบของโรคเกิดจากสิ่งมีชีวิตเดียวกัน แม้ว่าเหยื่ออยู่กระจัดกระจายกันทางภูมิศาสตร์
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