[44]. As described above, one of the major reactions that electrophiles,
including HNE, can undergo with protein nucleophiles is Michael
addition. Electrophiles are able to form Michael adducts with cysteine
thiols, histidine imidazoles and lysine ε-amines on target proteins. MichaeladditionofHNE
to targetproteins results in the formation of a residual
carbonyl group. Biotin hydrazide reacts with protein carbonyls,
including the residual carbonyl moieties formed during Michael addition
of HNE to protein nucleophiles, to generate stable hydrazone derivatives