(ii)
University Student Depression Inventory (USDI) (Khawaja and Bryden, 2006): This 30-item scale, with three factors, measures depressive symptoms among university students. Depression is manifested by cognitive, emotional, lethargy, and academic motivational symptoms. Using a five-point Likert scale ranging from one (not at all) to five (all the time), the respondents refer to each item and indicate how often each of them has experienced depressive manifestation in the past 2 weeks. The Cronbach’s alpha of that total scale and the subscales ranged from 0.84 to 0.95. Test-retest for total and sub scales range from 0.76 to 0.91. Convergent and discriminant validity is described as satisfactory (Khawaja and Bryden, 2006). Cut-off levels are developed to assess the level of severity (Romaniuk and Khawaja, 2013). Higher scores indicate an elevated level of student depression.