Abstract
Background: Phasianidae is a family of Galliformes containing 38 genera and approximately 138 species, which is
grouped into two tribes based on their morphological features, the Pheasants and Partridges. Several studies have
attempted to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Phasianidae, but many questions still remain
unaddressed, such as the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships among Crossoptilon species. The
mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been extensively used to infer avian genetic diversification with
reasonable resolution. Here, we sequenced the entire mitogenomes of three Crossoptilon species (C. harmani,
C. mantchuricum and C. crossoptilon) to investigate their evolutionary relationship among Crossoptilon species.
Results: The complete mitogenomes of C. harmani, C. mantchuricum and C. crossoptilon are 16682 bp, 16690 bp
and 16680 bp in length, respectively, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes,
22 transfer RNA genes, and a putative control region. C. auritum and C. mantchuricum are more closely related
genetically, whereas C. harmani is more closely related to C. crossoptilon. Crossoptilon has a closer relationship with
Lophura, and the following phylogenetic relationship was reconstructed: ((Crossoptilon + Lophura) + (Phasianus +
Chrysolophus)). The divergence time between the clades C. harmani-C. crossoptilon and C. mantchuricum-C. auritum
is consistent with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Tertiary Pliocene. The Ka/Ks analysis showed that atp8
gene in the Crossoptilon likely experienced a strong selective pressure in adaptation to the plateau environment.
Conclusions: C. auritum with C. mantchuricum and C. harmani with C. crossoptilon form two pairs of sister groups.
The genetic distance between C. harmani and C. crossoptilon is far less than the interspecific distance and is close to
the intraspecific distance of Crossoptilon, indicating that C. harmani is much more closely related to C. crossoptilon. Our
mito-phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of Crossoptilon and its closer relationship with Lophura. The
uplift of Tibetan Plateau is suggested to impact the divergence between C. harmani-C. crossoptilon clade and
C. mantchuricum-C. auritum clade during the Tertiary Pliocene. Atp8 gene in the Crossoptilon species might have
experienced a strong selective pressure for adaptation to the plateau environment.
AbstractBackground: Phasianidae is a family of Galliformes containing 38 genera and approximately 138 species, which isgrouped into two tribes based on their morphological features, the Pheasants and Partridges. Several studies haveattempted to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Phasianidae, but many questions still remainunaddressed, such as the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships among Crossoptilon species. Themitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been extensively used to infer avian genetic diversification withreasonable resolution. Here, we sequenced the entire mitogenomes of three Crossoptilon species (C. harmani,C. mantchuricum and C. crossoptilon) to investigate their evolutionary relationship among Crossoptilon species.Results: The complete mitogenomes of C. harmani, C. mantchuricum and C. crossoptilon are 16682 bp, 16690 bpand 16680 bp in length, respectively, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes,22 transfer RNA genes, and a putative control region. C. auritum and C. mantchuricum are more closely relatedgenetically, whereas C. harmani is more closely related to C. crossoptilon. Crossoptilon has a closer relationship withLophura, and the following phylogenetic relationship was reconstructed: ((Crossoptilon + Lophura) + (Phasianus +Chrysolophus)). The divergence time between the clades C. harmani-C. crossoptilon and C. mantchuricum-C. auritumis consistent with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Tertiary Pliocene. The Ka/Ks analysis showed that atp8gene in the Crossoptilon likely experienced a strong selective pressure in adaptation to the plateau environment.Conclusions: C. auritum with C. mantchuricum and C. harmani with C. crossoptilon form two pairs of sister groups.The genetic distance between C. harmani and C. crossoptilon is far less than the interspecific distance and is close tothe intraspecific distance of Crossoptilon, indicating that C. harmani is much more closely related to C. crossoptilon. Ourmito-phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of Crossoptilon and its closer relationship with Lophura. Theuplift of Tibetan Plateau is suggested to impact the divergence between C. harmani-C. crossoptilon clade andC. mantchuricum-C. auritum clade during the Tertiary Pliocene. Atp8 gene in the Crossoptilon species might haveexperienced a strong selective pressure for adaptation to the plateau environment.
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