Each treatment (IPM and non-IPM) consisted of 0.4 ha fields, totaling 10 ha per treatment, and all fields were within a distance of approximately 1 km. Each farmer's field consisted of 50 rows, approximately 50 m long. Rows were 45-50 cm apart and plantswere spaced ~30 cm apart within rows. In the IPM treatment, there was a row planted to mustard (B. juncea) every 25 rows, to serve as a trap crop in the space between the paired rows of cauliflower. All fields were prepared by plowing 3e4 times prior to transplanting. Farmers in both treatment groups were advised to apply fertilizer at 120 kg/ha N, 60 kg/ha P, and 80 kg/ha K. Raised beds (~37.5 cm tall) were prepared for transplanting for both treatments