2.2. Synthesis of the WO3 films
In a typical experiment, the sodium tungstate powder was dissolved in distilled water to a concentration of 0.008 M. Then, the solution was acidified to a pH of 1.0 by concentrated hydrochloric acid solution andcontinuatively stirred for 240 min. After that, the mixture solutions were transferred into the autoclave with 20 mL ethanol in it; at the same time, TiO2 substrates were added into the reaction systems. Finally, the reaction systems were kept at 120 1C for 24 h. After reaction, the autolave cooled down naturally to room temperature, following by washing with deionized water and ethanol for 3 times to move ions that possibly remained at the final products, and then dried at 60 1C for 2 h. The product obtained with this procedure was called S2. The same
preparation method with S2 using glass instead of TiO2
substrate labeled S0. The procedure continued in the same
way with S2 as the sodium tungstate concentrations changed
from 0.001 M, 0.016 M to 0.024 M labeled S1, S3 and S4.
2.2. Synthesis of the WO3 filmsIn a typical experiment, the sodium tungstate powder was dissolved in distilled water to a concentration of 0.008 M. Then, the solution was acidified to a pH of 1.0 by concentrated hydrochloric acid solution andcontinuatively stirred for 240 min. After that, the mixture solutions were transferred into the autoclave with 20 mL ethanol in it; at the same time, TiO2 substrates were added into the reaction systems. Finally, the reaction systems were kept at 120 1C for 24 h. After reaction, the autolave cooled down naturally to room temperature, following by washing with deionized water and ethanol for 3 times to move ions that possibly remained at the final products, and then dried at 60 1C for 2 h. The product obtained with this procedure was called S2. The samepreparation method with S2 using glass instead of TiO2substrate labeled S0. The procedure continued in the sameway with S2 as the sodium tungstate concentrations changedfrom 0.001 M, 0.016 M to 0.024 M labeled S1, S3 and S4.
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