Discussion
This study demonstrates that family factors matter in
predicting the onset of daily smoking in adolescence. In this
sample, they mattered early in adolescence, at age 14–15,
and continued in importance as a predictor of daily smoking
initiation throughout adolescence. Only bonding to parents
declined in significance as a predictor in late adolescence.
Social development theory suggests that family factors
play an important role in the initiation and escalation of
smoking in adolescence. Few studies have examined the
role of family processes on the onset of daily smoking. This
study identified several important family influences on adolescent
daily smoking initiation, including family poverty,
parental smoking, family monitoring and rules, and family
bonding. Family influences on adolescent cigarette smoking
were mostly through the direct effects of family poverty,
parent smoking, and family processes (especially family
monitoring and family bonding). These findings support the
notion that family influences are important not only in
affecting experimentation with cigarette smoking but also in
affecting higher stages of smoking such as daily smoking
[4]. Furthermore, results from this study indicate that most
family influences on the risk of daily smoking initiation do
not decline through late adolescence with the exception of
family bonding, which was more influential during early
years of high school, but less so after age 18. In general,
preventive efforts to reduce daily smoking initiation should
target family factors throughout adolescence to young adulthood.
There have been inconsistent reports on the effects of
family bonding on smoking initiation [12]. For example, in
other studies family bonding was predictive of smoking
only for females among black adolescents [32], only for
older adolescents [33], and for pre- or early adolescents
[11]. Using prospective longitudinal data from a multiethnic
and gender-balanced sample, this study found that family
bonding was a significant predictor of daily smoking initiation,
especially during the early years of high school. The
finding that parent attitudes predicted smoking in the singledomain
models, but not after controlling for parent smoking
and family processes, indicates that onset of regular smoking
is more a function of what parents do (smoking and
parenting practices) rather than what they express as attitudes.
Prior work examining family influences on smoking initiation
in elementary school [11] found that although parent
DiscussionThis study demonstrates that family factors matter inpredicting the onset of daily smoking in adolescence. In thissample, they mattered early in adolescence, at age 14–15,and continued in importance as a predictor of daily smokinginitiation throughout adolescence. Only bonding to parentsdeclined in significance as a predictor in late adolescence.Social development theory suggests that family factorsplay an important role in the initiation and escalation ofsmoking in adolescence. Few studies have examined therole of family processes on the onset of daily smoking. Thisstudy identified several important family influences on adolescentdaily smoking initiation, including family poverty,parental smoking, family monitoring and rules, and familybonding. Family influences on adolescent cigarette smokingwere mostly through the direct effects of family poverty,parent smoking, and family processes (especially familymonitoring and family bonding). These findings support thenotion that family influences are important not only inaffecting experimentation with cigarette smoking but also inaffecting higher stages of smoking such as daily smoking[4]. Furthermore, results from this study indicate that mostfamily influences on the risk of daily smoking initiation donot decline through late adolescence with the exception offamily bonding, which was more influential during earlyyears of high school, but less so after age 18. In general,ควรป้องกันพยายามลดเริ่มต้นสูบบุหรี่ทุกวันปัจจัยครอบครัวเป้าหมายตลอดวัยรุ่นให้หนุ่มวุฒิมีการรายงานไม่สอดคล้องกันในลักษณะของครอบครัวที่ยึดในการเริ่มต้นสูบบุหรี่ [12] ตัวอย่าง ในครอบครัวศึกษาอื่นยึดได้คาดการณ์การสูบบุหรี่สำหรับหญิงระหว่างสีดำวัยรุ่น [32], เฉพาะสำหรับวัยรุ่นเก่า [33], และ สำหรับวัยรุ่นตอนต้น หรือก่อน[11] ใช้ข้อมูลระยะยาวคาดหวังจากการ multiethnicและ อย่างสมดุลเพศ การศึกษานี้พบว่าครอบครัวยึดจำนวนประตูที่สำคัญของการเริ่มต้นสูบบุหรี่ทุกวันโดยเฉพาะในช่วงปีแรก ๆ ของมัธยม ที่ค้นหาหลักที่ทัศนคติทำนายห้ามสูบบุหรี่ใน singledomainโมเดล แต่หลังจากไม่ควบคุมสำหรับแม่ที่สูบบุหรี่กระบวนการครอบครัว และบ่งชี้ว่า เริ่มมีอาการของการสูบบุหรี่เป็นประจำเพิ่มเติมฟังก์ชันของทำงานของผู้ปกครอง (บุหรี่ และนี่ทางปฏิบัติ) มากกว่าสิ่งที่พวกเขาแสดงเป็นทัศนคติทำงานก่อนตรวจสอบครอบครัวมีผลต่อในการเริ่มต้นสูบบุหรี่ในโรงเรียนประถมศึกษา [11] พบว่าแม้ว่าหลัก
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