Recent surveys of the ecological status of coral reefs
have highlighted the widespread ongoing degradation of
these valuable ecosystems. Geographical information
systems mapping indicates that 60% of the world’s reefs
are at risk from various threats associated with human
activity [1]. Such hazards are particularly acute in
southeast Asia, where 80% of reefs are found to be
endangered by coastal development and fishing-related
activities. Historical evidence underlines the significance
of overfishing as a cause of present ecosystem instability
in coral reefs[2]. The introduction of fishing regulations
or total exclusion of fishing in habitats such as coral
reefs has been noted to benefit marine resources both
locally and, through establishing networks of protected
areas, facilitate recovery of fisheries on a wider scale [3].
Indonesia has established nine marine national parks
with a total area of 41,129 km2 (Fig. 1), which represents
around 11.5% of the total national protected area
coverage. However, the success of such marine protected
areas (MPAs) in these terms rests upon the capacity and
effectiveness of managers to enforce MPA regulations,
which has been noted to be deficient for a number of
reasons [4]. The instigation of collaborative approaches
to managing marine resources, with its emphasis on
partnership between stakeholders and empowerment of
Recent surveys of the ecological status of coral reefs
have highlighted the widespread ongoing degradation of
these valuable ecosystems. Geographical information
systems mapping indicates that 60% of the world’s reefs
are at risk from various threats associated with human
activity [1]. Such hazards are particularly acute in
southeast Asia, where 80% of reefs are found to be
endangered by coastal development and fishing-related
activities. Historical evidence underlines the significance
of overfishing as a cause of present ecosystem instability
in coral reefs[2]. The introduction of fishing regulations
or total exclusion of fishing in habitats such as coral
reefs has been noted to benefit marine resources both
locally and, through establishing networks of protected
areas, facilitate recovery of fisheries on a wider scale [3].
Indonesia has established nine marine national parks
with a total area of 41,129 km2 (Fig. 1), which represents
around 11.5% of the total national protected area
coverage. However, the success of such marine protected
areas (MPAs) in these terms rests upon the capacity and
effectiveness of managers to enforce MPA regulations,
which has been noted to be deficient for a number of
reasons [4]. The instigation of collaborative approaches
to managing marine resources, with its emphasis on
partnership between stakeholders and empowerment of
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