We performed a standardized, comprehensive review of the patients’ medical records to collect data regarding the following variables: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, operative severity (OS), postoperative complications and resource utilization. The ASA classification16 was taken from the anesthesiologist’s preoperative assessment. We categorized OS on a 3-level ordinal scale: 1) laparoscopic surgery for benign disease, 2) open surgery for benign disease and 3) open or laparoscopic surgery for malignant disease.17 Hospital complications were categorized by severity using the Clavien–Dindo (CD) classification:18 nonfatal complications were defined as minor (CD level I and II) and major (CD level III and IV), and fatal complications were categorized as CD level V. Consensus was reached among the investigators when there were discrepancies in grading complications. If a patient experienced more than 1 complication, the most severe was used for analysis. Only deaths that occurred during admission to hospital were included in this analysis, defined here as hospital mortality.