The unique characteristic of the systems viewpoint is the in
terrelationship oCpans ;within the system. Every system is char:
acterized by two diverse forces: differentiation and integration. In
a system, specialized functions are diiTerentiated, which replace
diffuse global patterns. In the human body, for instance, the lungs,
heart, and liver are all distinct functions. Similarly, organizations
have divisions, departments, and like units separated out to per
form specialized activities. At the same time, in order to maintain
among the differentiated parts and form a complete whole,
every system has a reciprocal process of integration. In organiza
tions, this integration is typically achieved through devices such
as coordinated levels of hierarchy; direct supervision; and rules,
procedures, and policies. Every system, therefore, differ
entiation to identify its subparts and integration to ensure that
system doesn't break down into separate elements