The following data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were
analysed: urinary cadmium (adjusted for urinary creatinine), lung function, sex, race/ethnicity, age,
education level, job category, body mass index, serum cotinine level, and smoking history. Linear
regression models were developed to predict lung function using urinary cadmium as the main predictor,
adjusting for other covariates and stratified by smoking status.