TSC cross-section exhibited a considerable increase in cell concentration
from the initial time (0 h) to the end of the repeated batch
fermentation (240 h). The cells had a normal oval shape with an
average length of 2–5 lm. Cellular flocculation and adhesion to
the TSC surfaces was observed. The average immobilization yield
(YI) was 89.9%. The reuse of immobilized cells during repeated
batch fermentation using cell carriers such as Ca–alginate matrices
[16], Loofa sponges [10], and alginate–Loofa [4], has been previously
reported.