Tests are used in almost every nation on earth for counseling, selection, and placement. Testing occurs in settings as diverse as schools, civil service, industry, medical clinics, and counseling centers. Most persons have taken dozens of tests and thought nothing of it. Yes, by the time the typical individual reaches retirement age, it is likely that psychological test results will have helped to shape his or her destiny. The deflection of the life course by psychological test results might be subtle, such as when a prospective mathematician qualifies for an accelerated calculus course based on tenth grade achievement scores. More commonly, psychological test results alter individual destiny in profound ways. Whether a person is admitted to one college and not another, offered one job but refused a second, diagnosed as depressed or not all such determinations rest, at least in part, on the meaning of test results as interpreted by persons in authority. Put simply, psychological test results change lives. For this reason it is prudent indeed, almost mandatory that students of psychology learn about the contemporary uses and occasional abuses of testing. In Case Exhibit 1.1, the life-altering aftermath of psychological testing is illustrated by means of several true case history examples.