An Analysis of Differences in Big and Non-Big Public Accounting Firms’ Audit Programs 35
Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, May 2006
RH hours used in the risk-assessment phase of the audit; LRH is the natural logarithm
of these hours;
SH hours used in the substantive testing phase of the audit; LSH is the natural logarithm
of these hours; and
CH hours used in the completion phase of the audit; LCH is the natural logarithm of
these hours.
Independent Variables
Assets total assets of the client at fiscal year-end, in 1,000’s nlg (Netherlands
Guilders);4
Ln Assets natural logarithm of total assets;
Complexity complexity of the client as assessed by the respondent on a sevenpoint
scale (1 simple to 7 very complex);
Services dummy variable where 1 client is in a service industry;
Tenure tenure of the auditor as measured by the number of years the firm
has performed the engagement;
Reliance overall degree of reliance on the client’s internal controls in performing
the audit, where 1 very low to 7 very high;
BR Approach dummy variable where 1 audit firm used the business risk approach
(strategic systems audit) rather than the conventional auditrisk-
model-based approach;
X Time Pressure measures client pressure on audit time and audit fees as perceived
by the respondent. The original measure was based on a seven-point
scale from 1 (no pressure) to 7 (severe pressure); XTP is a transformation
of the time pressure variable, where 0 pressure assessed
at less than 4 and 1 pressure assessed at 4 or greater;
Management Fraud risk of management fraud as assessed by the respondent on a sevenpoint
scale (1 very low to 7 very high);
MAS management advisory services performed for the client in the current
year, as a percent of the total fees charged the client for all services
rendered; MAS0 is defined to exclude information technology services,
tax services, and due diligence engagements;
ROI return on investment;
Current Ratio current ratio;
Controls overall quality of client’s internal controls as assessed by the respondent
on a seven-point scale (1 very low to 7 very high);
and
Listed 1 if the client is listed on a stock exchange, and 0 otherwise.
An Analysis of Differences in Big and Non-Big Public Accounting Firms’ Audit Programs 35Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, May 2006RH hours used in the risk-assessment phase of the audit; LRH is the natural logarithmof these hours;SH hours used in the substantive testing phase of the audit; LSH is the natural logarithmof these hours; andCH hours used in the completion phase of the audit; LCH is the natural logarithm ofthese hours.Independent VariablesAssets total assets of the client at fiscal year-end, in 1,000’s nlg (NetherlandsGuilders);4Ln Assets natural logarithm of total assets;Complexity complexity of the client as assessed by the respondent on a sevenpointscale (1 simple to 7 very complex);Services dummy variable where 1 client is in a service industry;Tenure tenure of the auditor as measured by the number of years the firmhas performed the engagement;Reliance overall degree of reliance on the client’s internal controls in performingthe audit, where 1 very low to 7 very high;BR Approach dummy variable where 1 audit firm used the business risk approach(strategic systems audit) rather than the conventional auditrisk-model-based approach;X Time Pressure measures client pressure on audit time and audit fees as perceivedby the respondent. The original measure was based on a seven-pointscale from 1 (no pressure) to 7 (severe pressure); XTP is a transformationof the time pressure variable, where 0 pressure assessedat less than 4 and 1 pressure assessed at 4 or greater;Management Fraud risk of management fraud as assessed by the respondent on a sevenpointscale (1 very low to 7 very high);MAS management advisory services performed for the client in the currentyear, as a percent of the total fees charged the client for all servicesrendered; MAS0 is defined to exclude information technology services,tax services, and due diligence engagements;ROI return on investment;Current Ratio current ratio;Controls overall quality of client’s internal controls as assessed by the respondenton a seven-point scale (1 very low to 7 very high);andListed 1 if the client is listed on a stock exchange, and 0 otherwise.
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