Due to increasing concerns about global warming, the development
of clean, accessible, and sustainable resources has received
much attention [1]. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity, and it is the most noteworthy among sustainable
energy resources because of its global availability. Recent reports
from the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) have
estimated that by 2100, 60% of consumed energy may be obtained
from solar energy [2]. Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), proposed by
O’Regan and Grätzel [3], is one of the photoelectric chemical solar
cells, and it is an attractive alternative because of its properties,