Most of the impacts from 4WD vehicles on beach and dune vegetation occur with only a few passes (Liddle, 1997; Buckley, Chapter 6 this volume), though successive passes do increase the time required for regeneration (Godfrey and Godfrey, 1980). The best manage- ment strategy to minimize impacts is hence to concentrate use on a small number of estab lished routes and minimize the total length of