While the overall findings of the studies demonstrated a positive pain relief of oral sucrose one study found that sucrose did not significantly affect activity in neonatal brian or spinal cord nociceptive circuit; hence, suggesting it might not be an effective analgesia. Three other studies also found that breastfeeding and non nutritive sucking on pacifiers provided a more superior analgesia than oral sucrose. There was variation in the volume of sucrose used in studies with between 0.1 ml and 2 ml of either 24%, 25%, 33%, or 44% sucrose solution being administered in single and repeated doses. However, the overall findings demonstrated by each study mirrored each other, which may be considered as generalizable and transferable to NICUs internationally.