To eliminate the potential endogeneity problem or two-way causality, we endogenize
risk, risk-management, and performance (ROA and Tobin's Q). The three equations are
solved as a system of simultaneous equations using the three-stage least squares (3SLS)
estimation method. The effect of institutional ownership and risk-management policy on
firm-specific risk is specified by Eq. (1). The effect of firm-specific risk and institutional
ownership on risk-management is specified in Eq. (2). Finally, the effect of firm-specific
risk, risk-management, and institutional ownership on ROA is specified in Eq. (3). The
equations set out below are used to test H1, H2, and H3 simultaneously.