On non-routine problem solving, although Chinese students had a higher overall mean score than did the U.S.
students, there were different performance patterns across the 12 non-routine problems. Table 2 shows the mean
scores for the Chinese and U.S. students on both the process-constrained and process-open non-routine problems. The
U.S. students had a significantly higher mean score than did the Chinese students on the process-open non-routine
problems (t = 2.37, P < .05), while Chinese students had a significantly higher mean score than the U.S. students on the
process-constrained problems (t = 9.65, P < .001). For the U.S. sample, their mean score on the process-open problems
was significantly higher than their mean score on the process-constrained problems (t = 2.99, P < .01). For the Chinese
sample, however, the mean score on the process-constrained problems was significantly higher than that on the processopen
problems (t = 10.90, P < .001). These results indicate that the overall mean difference on non-routine problem
solving between the two samples was due to the fact that the Chinese students outperformed the U.S. students on the
process-constrained non-routine problems.
On non-routine problem solving, although Chinese students had a higher overall mean score than did the U.S.students, there were different performance patterns across the 12 non-routine problems. Table 2 shows the meanscores for the Chinese and U.S. students on both the process-constrained and process-open non-routine problems. TheU.S. students had a significantly higher mean score than did the Chinese students on the process-open non-routineproblems (t = 2.37, P < .05), while Chinese students had a significantly higher mean score than the U.S. students on theprocess-constrained problems (t = 9.65, P < .001). For the U.S. sample, their mean score on the process-open problemswas significantly higher than their mean score on the process-constrained problems (t = 2.99, P < .01). For the Chinesesample, however, the mean score on the process-constrained problems was significantly higher than that on the processopenproblems (t = 10.90, P < .001). These results indicate that the overall mean difference on non-routine problemsolving between the two samples was due to the fact that the Chinese students outperformed the U.S. students on theprocess-constrained non-routine problems.
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