Decayed and filled teeth were assessed visually in a full-mouth examination (20). The number of missing teeth that had not been replaced with either a fixed/removable denture or by an implant were determined. These teeth are subsequently referred to as unreplaced teeth. Teeth were extracted because of caries and other reasons. Third molars were excluded from the analysis. Because the distribution of the number of decayed teeth was skewed, participants were classified into those with no decayed teeth versus those with at least one decayed tooth. Filled and unreplaced teeth were considered as continuous variables.