Social influences are assessed by three concepts: social
modeling, social norm, and perceived pressure. Social
modeling is assessed by asking participants how often
(1 = never; 4 = very often) people in their direct environment
(i.e. parents, siblings, (best) friend(s), boyfriend/
girlfriend) drink alcohol and engage in binge drinking.
Social norm is measured for each person in their direct
environment (i.e. parents, siblings, (best) friend(s), boyfriend/
girlfriend) by one item “My (e.g. girlfriend) thinks
that … 1 = “I am not certainly allowed to binge drink” to
5 = “I am certainly allowed to binge drink”. Perceived
pressure is assessed by “Did you ever feel pressure to
drink 4/5 or more glasses of alcohol by your …?” for
each person in their direct environment answered with
1 = never and 5 = always.