The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as residual wood or straw, to synthetic fuels and chemicals is currently being developed within the bioliq® concept. The aim of this study is to model and assess two different biomass-to-liquid (BtL) concepts for the production of gasoline via dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis as well as gasoline and diesel via Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The techno-economic assessment concludes that total energy efficiencies from biomass to final products range between 38 and 39%. The resulting production costs of gasoline via DME synthesis are about 1.15 €/L (0.82 US$/L). Gasoline and diesel via FT synthesis can beproduced atcosts of about 1.23 €/L (0.88 US$/L).