1 Medical effects
1.1 Acute
1.2 Chronic
1.3 Addiction and dependence
2 Biosynthesis
2.1 N-methyl-pyrrolinium cation
2.2 Robert Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate
2.3 Reduction of tropinone
3 Chemistry
3.1 Appearance
3.2 Forms
4 Pharmacology
4.1 Routes of administration
4.2 Mechanism of action
4.3 Metabolism and excretion
4.4 Detection in biological fluids
4.5 Local anesthetic
5 Usage
5.1 Europe
5.2 United States
6 History
6.1 Discovery
6.2 Isolation and naming
6.3 Medicalization
6.4 Popularization
6.5 Prohibition
6.6 Modern usage
7 Society and culture
7.1 Legal status
7.2 Interdiction
8 Illicit trade
8.1 Production
8.2 Synthesis
8.3 Trafficking and distribution
8.4 Sales to consumers
8.5 Consumption
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 Further reading
13 External links