Summary. — We estimate the causal effect of food standards on Vietnamese pangasius farmers’ wellbeing measured by per capita consumption
expenditure. We estimate both the average effects and the local average treatment effects on poorer and richer farmers by
instrumental variable quantile regression. Our results indicate that large returns can be accrued from food standards, but only for
the upper middle-class farmers, i.e., those between the 50% and 85% quantiles of the expenditure distribution. Overall, our result points
to an exclusionary impact of standards for the poorest farmers while the richest do not apply standards because the added gain is too
small.