Country clustering can be seen as a type of standardization and is based on the idea that advertisers ‘should view standardization not as the transferability of an entire campaign across countries, but as a strategy thatmakes unified themes, images and even brand names, possible’ across countries,even if issues of campaign execution ‘still need to be decided at the local subsidiary level’ (Sriram&Gopalakrishna, 1991, p. 146).